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塔式起重机的变频调速系统的研究

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  • 发布时间:2017-03-10
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塔式起重机的变频调速系统的研究摘要
随着当代工程建设需要以及机械化的发展,塔式起重机是港口、建筑工地等施工项目中重要的不可缺少的工程机械,而且对其安全性、平稳性和高效性都有很高的要求。
传统的调速控制式是广泛采用多极电动机、绕线电动机等来驱动其各个机构。这种方式存在很多缺点:调速速比小低速过高、制动器刹车片、绕线式电动机电刷及滑环等需要经厨行维护、维修;控制系统使用大量接触器和中间继电器,既不节能也不经济、安全、维护工作量高、使用成本大。
现在变频调速技术在各行业中已经广泛使用,在塔式起重机上应用也有多年的历史。变频调速技术与可编程序控制器相结合,是提升塔式起重机品质的有效途径。变频器具有过流、过载、电动机过热、过压及欠压、超速及失速等完善的保护监测功能,组成的控制系统安全可靠;可通过其外部控制端子实现电动机的启停、正反转、S曲线加减速及多段速度控制,从而降低机械传动冲击,改善钢结构的承载性能,延长起重机的使用寿命;能提供运行信号、零速信号、速度到达信号及运行准备信号等给可编程序控制器,以便可编程控制器综合外部信号进行分析及逻辑运算,向外部设备及变频器发出控制命令;高集成度组件及高可靠性低压电器,有效解决原塔机电气系统接线复杂问题,不仅降低了系统故障几率,而且容易维护;调速范围宽,任意低的工作速度可实现起吊作业的精确定位;零速机械制动减小了制动器摩擦片的磨损,消除了制动时对减速器输入轴的附加弯矩;极低的起动电流,减轻了用户电网扩容的负担;节能的调速方式,减少了系统运行能耗;单速的鼠笼电动机保证了机构的运行可靠性。
本文通过对传统的塔机调速系统分析,指出其在塔机上应用时存在的问题,同时对变频调速系统的强大控制功能和优越性进行了介绍,针对塔机起升机构、变幅机构的不同特点制定了闭环矢量控制、开环矢量控制、群拖U/f控制等不同的变频控制方案。通过采用先进的变频控制技术和可编程序控制,使运行可靠性比传统塔机电控系统有较大的提高,运行更加节能、高效、安全、可靠。

关键词:塔式起重机,变频调速,矢量控制,PLC

ABSTRACT
With the development of contemporary construction needs as well as mechanization, the tower crane construction machinery, ports, construction sites and construction projects indispensable and its security, stability and efficiency have a high requirement.
Speed control type is widely used in multi-pole motor, winding motor to drive its various agencies. In this way there are many drawbacks: speed speed ratio, low speed is too high, brake brake pads, wound motor brushes and slip rings require frequent maintenance, repair; control systems use a large number of contactors and intermediate relay, both energy saving is not economic, security, maintenance workload, the use of cost.
Variable frequency speed regulation technology combined with PLC is one of the best ways to improve the performance of tower cranes The AC inverter provides sufficient protection such as over-heating, over-current, over-voltage, under-voltage, open-phase etc. The inverter can set parameters by digital operator display or input terminal, and provide several control methods such as close loop vector, open loop
Vector, V/F with or without PG. The inverter supply with S curve acceleration or deceleration, dwell functions and droop control .These can provide tower canes lower arrival speed, small shock pulse, zero speed braking, simple wire connecting, energy saving, and high reliability.
The article introduces the application of the inverter in tower cranes lifting, trolley, and slewing mechanism in mode of vector control or V/F, and illustrate with figure. Compared with traditional tower crane control system, variable frequency speed control has advantages in safe, reliability and energy saving.

Keywords: Tower crane, Variable-frequency speed regulation, Vector control, PLC

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