发动机的颗粒排放问题以及相关的多环芳烃(英文)
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发动机的颗粒排放问题以及相关的多环芳烃
Abstract
Mixed crude palm oil (MCPO), the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil, has become of great interest as a renewable energy
source. It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits. In the present work, the degummed, deacidified MCPO was blended
in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage. The
particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler. The 50% cut-off
aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10, 2.5 and 1 μm, while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1 μm.
Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.
The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs
associated with fine-particles (< 1 μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs (4–6 aromatic rings), especially pyrene.
The mass median diameter, PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content, but increased when the
running hours of the engine were increased. In addition, Commercial petroleum diesel (PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic
potency equivalent (BaPeq) for all particle size ranges. As the palm oil was increased, the BaPeq decreased gradually. Therefore the
degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.
Key words: mixed crude palm oil; palm oil blend; agricultural diesel engine; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; particulate matter
DOI: 10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60110-7
Introduction
The world energy crisis due to escalation of fuel prices and
diminishing of petroleum-based oil and the deterioration
of environmental pollution related to fossil fuel usage
have been a global concern. Vegetable oils and biodiesels
derived from vegetable oils which are renewable have
gained enormous attention in many countries as an alternative
source of energy (Murugesan et al., 2009; Shahid
and Jamal, 2008; Balat and Balat, 2008). In addition, the
physicochemical properties of biodiesels meet the requirements
of diesel engine combustion. In Thailand, palm oil is
currently shown to have the highest potential feedstock for
Corresponding author. E-mail: surajit.t###psu.ac.th
biodiesel production because of the abundance of raw material
and the price of palm oil which is cheaper than other
vegetable oils such as soybean oil, coconut oil, olive oil
and rapeseed oil. Some diesel engines can also be operated
using preheated crude palm oil (Kalam and Masjuki, 2004;
Bari et al., 2002), refined palm oil (Raadnui and Meenak,
2003) and degummed-deacidified mixed crude palm oil
(Leevijit and Prateepchaikul, 2011; Prateepchaikul and
Apichato, 2003). Palm oil is a highly oxygenated fuel, and
its combustion can reduce pollutant emissions such as total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), though slightly
increases nitrogen oxides as compared to commercial
petroleum diesel (Kalam and Masjuki, 2004; Wang et al.,
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