美国：红山公园主体规划

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美国：红山公园主体规划
这是伯明翰地区非常重要的设计项目，不用多加修饰，明显可以看出与城市的关联，是-个宏大的工程。”
-----------------------2012年美国景色美化设计师协会专业奖项陪审团

地点：美国，阿拉巴马州，伯明翰市
设计：WRT
客户：红山园林休闲区委员会

项目概述：
红山公园所在地曾是-个矿场，位于城市边缘，沿山脊线分布，连接城市新旧区域。城市边的山脉体现了过去该地区种族和经济等方面的分割情况。红山公园则在山脉两边形成了独特的连接，有利于整个地区的发展。
红山公园是当地最大的城市公园，占地面积达1200公顷，连接了新旧伯明翰城市，可以算作是两个城市街区的分界点和桥梁等。在施工过程中，设计师充分考虑了绿色基础设施以及园内的文化氛围塑造，公园将为把伯明翰建设成为伟大的复合型历史文化名城做准备。
公园设计包含了六点理念：活力、遗迹传承、革新、新旧连接、友好和妥善维护等。
红山公园有几大特点：-是崎岖的海岸，二是临海的山脉。绵延55km的海岸线，不乏陡峭的岩壁与宽阔的海滩，因为无法超越的自然美景已经被列为自然文化遗产。

Client: Red Mountain Greenway and Recreational Area Commission
Project Statement
Red Mountain Park is the largest urban park in the country reclaimed from a landscape devastated by a century of mining. Located along a ridgeline on the edge of the city， the 1200-acre park will connect the new and old Birmingham - revitalizing the long-disadvantaged northern community left in the wake of mining. Referred to in the press as the Great Divide， the mountain is a vestigial symbol of the citys formerly divisive historic racial and economic conditions. The park will bridge the two communities， linking the older historically African American communities to newly developing communities on the other side of the mountain.
Project Narrative
When complete the park will change peoples minds about the long lost landscape， creating a type of community therapy via recreation. Features include over 40 miles of trails with a 10-mile rail trail and a 4-mile highline trail on elevated rail grade， a 45-acre commons， a 20-acre lake， and various active adventure recreation areas. In addition， nine historic mine openings will be interpreted， with one mine as the parks interpretive and development focus. Reaching well beyond the park boundary to connect to and secure the future stability of the adjacent communities via greenway links， the project helps to improve both the long-term sustainability of the site and the larger community.
A redemption story in the making， the park will anchor Birminghams new green infrastructure， and spur associated economic spinoff in a region much in need of a civic victory.” The park will play a central role in helping Birmingham reconcile its proud and complex history， and move on from its dual identity as epicenter of civil rights struggle and former iron making giant.
Six themes organize the program and layout of the park: Vitality (public health and recreation)， Heritage (industrial history)， Renewal (environmental restoration)， Connection (greenway and community links)， Partnership (neighborhood revitalization， new development partnerships)， and Management (stewardship and green building/operations).
Environmental Sustainability is demonstrated by the protection of the parkland from private development. The Renewal Theme includes plans for long-term forest and habitat management， reclamation of disturbed mined areas. The Management Theme employs bioengineering techniques to highlight upper watershed water quality improvement， invasive species removal (kudzu and Chinese Privet)， transmission line eco-management plan， and commitment to LEED and Sustainable Sites Initiative standards for new construction.
Social Sustainability is demonstrated by four themes: the Vitality Theme enhances public health through active recreation， the Heritage Theme bolsters community identity， and the Connection and Partnership Themes secure social equity. The healing process is begun by using the park to link two very different communities divided by the mountain even prior to the mid-19th Century onset of mining. The division was accentuated as the northern communities， company towns developed by the mining company， struggled with mine closings in the mid-19th century. These historically black communities have subsisted in the mountains shadow， with no relationship to the vast abandoned mine lands (private corporate holdings sealed to public access). In contrast， the southern communities represent the regions most ambitious growth: golf courses， signature hotel， planned communities， and office parks define a lifestyle far removed from the northern communities. The Master Plan expresses the clients desire to use park planning， physical design， and programming to break the barriers and to organize a neighborhood stabilization， historic preservation， and improvement plan in response to the new park. Cultural heritage is vital to preserving community identity of the former company towns still inhabited by original miners and their descendants.
Economic Sustainability is demonstrated by the Partnership and Management themes. The client is exploring a park-related development such as a hotel or conference/retreat on a key site within the park. Adjacent lands with strategic economic value are under consideration for acquisition as park revenue-generators， to assure the parks long-term viability and provide a revenue stream to accelerate construction of capital improvements. Several opportunities for park-specific revenue include a sliding-scale gate fee， rentals， and equipment， tour and food concessions. The effect on the northern communities is viewed as having a strong increase in property values， providing additional spinoff retail opportunities and， in concert with a local community college， a park operations employment training program. An economic impact report projects significant regional impact from these cumulative efforts， and an increase in adjacent land values commensurate with John Cromptons proximate value principle.
Environmental and Social Data Collected and Analyzed
The client and landscape architect developed a broad public engagement campaign to gain knowledge of the environmental， cultural and social conditions， and to lay the groundwork for consensus of the wide range of stakeholders. Local residents， public officials， arts， civic advocates， educators， health professionals， law enforcement， disabled persons， religious leaders， and business leaders participated in the workshops. Panels of experts - ecologists， geologists， recreation interests， and historians - also participated. Based on the interviews， focused environmental data was derived from county GIS mapping， the archives of U.S. Steel， a previous heritage area documentation including HABS HARE records， exhaustive cultural resource-mapping project， and a targeted bio-inventory.
Methods of Analysis
Data was compiled in a series of inventory maps presented for review and contribution at an open public meeting， stakeholder meetings， and key issue focus groups. Future tasks such as a bioblitz and detailed cultural resource documentation efforts were recommended to fill in the gaps. The outcome of the inventory placed a high value on the mine infrastructure as the defining feature， supported by the environmental context of deciduous forest that has substantially reclaimed the mine lands.
How Options Were Considered
With the major decision to create the park already in place， a foundation plan” laid out common elements with universal appeal. Facilitated public meetings were conducted to review the foundation plan and determine the preferred additional elements.
How Interested Parties Participated in the Project
The Steering Committee， including stakeholder group leaders (community stakeholder groups， focused topic specialists， general community support via the Friends of Red Mountain Park， and a dedicated My Space community) all enriched the process.
The Role of Design in Project
Design transforms a hidden archaeological relic into a vital， living attraction. The design extends the underground mine geometry to the surface， providing the basis for the vectors and patterns that shape park circulation and features. Strong compositions re-position the cultural resources (mines， railroads) as focal points of recreation and touchstones of history. The intent is to shape a positive and transformative image for an abused landscape both to inspire public interest and catalyze fundraising.
How the Project Will Be Implemented
A $30 million first phase will kick off implementation， based on a patchwork of funding from private corporations， city， county， state， federal and nonprofit granting entities. Future phase implementation will depend on collateral development revenue and future allocations and donations. Detailed cultural and natural resources investigations and oral history interviews with miners are in progress now， and volunteers have begun building trails and removing invasive vegetation.
How the Project Will Be Administered
Following its birth， first under the auspices of U.S. Steel and then a steering committee， legislation established a governing commission to oversee the land as a state recreational area and greenway. A park friends group and a non-profit fundraising arm support the commission.
Project Resources
Wallace Roberts & Todd
Principal in Charge: Eric Tamulonis ASLA
Consulting Principal: Elizabeth Clarke
Senior Planner: Michael Clarke
Landscape Architect: Douglas Meehan
Client: Freshwater Land Trust
Wendy Jackson
Client: Red Mountain Recreational Area and Greenway Commission
David Dionne
Community Engagement and Logistics: Clarus Consulting
Cultural Resource Consulting: Richard Anderson
Initial Park Concept Plan: Nimrod Long Associates
Economic Impact Assessment: ConsultEcon