新型固定式消防水炮结构设计及其水射流性能研究

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Jun.2013机 床 与 液 压Hydromechatronics Engineering Vo1.41 No.12DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3881.2013.12.004Structure Design and Analysis of Water Jet Performances ofa New Type of Fixed Fire W ater M onitorHU Guoliang ，LONG Ming，CHEN WeigangSchool of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering，East China Jiaotong University，Nanchang 330013，China1.IntroductionAbstract：Fire water monitor is widely used to put out fire in the fire fighting.In order to improvewater jet performances of a fire water monitor and to enhance its fire fighting eficiency，a newfixed fire water monitor was designed.The channel energy loss and outlet velocity of the fixed firewater monitor were calculated based on the engineering hydraulic theo.The channel flow pat-tern was simulated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)，and the better structurechanneI of the monitor body was also obtained.Meanwhile，the iet influence of the monitor noz。

zle was simulated.The water jet performances of spray jet and direct jet were also compared.Fi-naly.the field test was also carried out.The simulation results and the test results indicate thatthe fixed fire water monitor wel meets the requirements of fire fighting，and the relevant resultscan provide some guidance to design other types of fire water monitor。

Key words：fire water monitor，monitor nozzle，structure design，water jet performance，flowfield simulationFire accidents increased dramaticaly in recentyears with the development of the economy and thechange of human activities. Fire accidents not onlybring serious losses.but also result in tremendous in。

fluences to the society.Thus，a variety of technolo。

gies were developed to prevent and control fires[1-3 1.Amongst，fire water monitor has become an im-portant and effective fire fighting equipment because0f its large flow and long range.There are two typicaltypes of fire water monitors at present，the fixed firewater monitor and the portable fire water monitor。

Both of them have the characteristics of implementa。

tion of long range fire in the security region out of thefire radiant heat，explosion hazard and toxic smokeReceived：2012-12-21National Natural Science Foundation of China(50865004)，Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China(GJJ11428)HU Guoliang.Doctor.E-mail：glhu2006### 163.consituationsl4-5 J。

In order to improve the fire extinguishing effi-ciency to adapt to fire fighting requirements in differ·ent situations，the key technology researches into firewater monitor mainly focus on water jet performance，that is，how to improve external and internal jet char-acteristies of fire water monitor to enhance the jet in-tensity and put out the fire quickly. Generally，theexternal water jet mainly concerns the jet water move-ment in the atmosphere，in which the hypotheses in-clude：① the water flows out from a uniform longpipe.② the whirlpool flow and transverse second flowin the pipe ale eliminated.③ the outlet velocity is inan ideal state.The internal water jet research focuseson enhancing the energy converting eficiency and ob-taining high speed and uniform outlet velocity underthe conditions of removing the non-uniform of the flowchannel of the fire water monitor。

There are many water jet applications in the in-dustries.For example，the spray nozzle of the Peltonturbine transform s potential energy into kinetic ener-gY，and the hJ gh speed jet pounds the bucket withHydromechatronics Engineeringone or more iet waters，which can drive the runnerrotating to gain driving force，and the water head isabove 80m in genera1.Santolin et a1.I 6numerical-1v investigated the interaction between the iet and thebucket in Pelton turbine using a two·phase inhomoge-neous modelPerrig et a1.7]did both numericalsimulation and experimental study on the free surfaceflow in a Pelton turbine model bucket based on thetwo-phase homogeneous mode1.Zhang[8-9]dis-cussed the interaction between the iet and the rotatingbucket of Pehon wheel ifl detail.In the foundry in-dustry，the molding sands were removed by the jetforce of the high pressure water jet system[10]，andthese techniques were also applied in the fields of hy-draulic mining and hydraulic cuting[1 1-13].Thejet energy was used in the high pressure water jet sys-tern ，but this energy wil be dispersed out of a certainrange，in other words，the jet range is very short fromsome millimeters to about ten meters in this system，and the flow rates is below 10L/s.This is the essen-tial difference between the water iet of the high pres-sure water iet system and the water jet of the fire wa-ter monitor.but it can provide some guidance for theresearch of water jet performance of the fire water me-nitor.The water jet was also used in the sprinkler ir-rigation system in the agriculture[14-16].This jethas some similarities with that of fire water monitor，that is，both of them have a requirement of jet range。

However，agriculture sprinklings are more emphasi-zing the sprinkler irrigation uniformity and the waterdroplet diameter；the jet range is not the only index。

Thus，the spray jet of the irigator is a dispersedspray compared with the jet of the fire water monitor。

Glenn f 17 1 proposed a model to describe theoperating characteristics of the impulsive water can-non.The important parameters governing the systemdynamics were identified and the influence of theseon performance was also studied.Semko et a1.18-2O]investigated the pulsed jet mechanism and interior ballistics of powder water cannon under water，andthe barrel nozzle of powder water cannon was also an-alyzed and optimized.However，the working pressure0f these water cannons is often above 100 MPa，which is hundreds of times of the working pressure ofthe conventional fire water monitor。

Our group[2l-22]designed a portable firewater monitor with self-swinging mechanism adoptinga four bar linkage driven by an impeller.The effectsof the cross.sectional shape of the monitor body，di-ameters of the monitor body，inlet water pressure andshapes of the impeler，on the jet characteristics wereanalyzed.Our group also developed a portable firewater monitor with valve.controlled cylinder system[23-24].The self-swinging movement of the moni-tor he；ad is controlled by the valve.controled cylindersystem. The hydraulic performance and the serf-swinging frequency were also expounded in simulationanalysis and experiment tests。

Th e aim of this work iS to design a new fixed firewater monitor，and to investigate the relationships be-tween the flow channel，iet nozzle and the iet charac-teristics of the fixed fire water monitor.Both the in-ternal and external water et perform ances were simu-lated using Fluent software to determ ine the beterstructural parameters of the fire water monitor.Final-ly，the test results at field verified the design require-ments。

2.Structural design of the fixed fire watermonitorThe overal structure of the fixed fire water monitor isshown in Fig.1. The fixed fire water monitor wascomposed by monitor base，monitor body and monitorhead.Th e monitor base connected with fixed fire e-quipment or mobile fire device through flange.Themonitor body includes worm shell，worm pipe，inletpipe，hand wheel and outlet pipe.The monitor bodyis an over flow part.it can form the main flow chan-nel through the worm pipe， inlet pipe and outletpipe，and it can change the jet angle in horizontal di·rection and vertical direction.Th e hand wheel drivesthe worn'l to achieve the WOFITI pipe rotating 360。inhorizontal direction.Through the mesh of woKnl andparts of tooth in the WO1TI pipe，the monitor head canrotate from the angle of -40。to the angle of 70。

in vertical direction.In addition.the hand whee1 thatcontroling the vertical angle has 5 0 inclination anglesin horizontal direction to convenient the operation forworkers。

Th e technical parameters of the fixed fire watermonitor is：① flows is 100 L/s，② range up 85 m，③ rated working pressure is 1.2MPa，④ workingpressure is 0.7 MPa to 1.4 MPa，⑤ horizontal rangeis ful 360。，⑥ vertical range is-40。to70。。

"The monitor head can change the potential ener-of water in the monitor body into kinetic energy 。

The nozzle is the key component of the monitor head。

HU Guoliang，et al：Structure Design and Analysis of Water Jet Performances ofa New Type of Fixed Fire Water MonitorIt is the ultimate part to achieve jet and the key partof fluid transport process. The coincidence of thecenterline of flange and、monitor head should be guar-anteed，which can reduce the harmful torque thatproduced by the recoil。

1.flange，2.wonll shell，3.woiln pipe，4.inlet pipe，5.outletpipe，6.monitor head，7.hand wheelFig.1 Structure diagram of the fixed fire water monitor3.Mathematical modeling of the flow pa-ram etersAccording to the hydraulic continuity equation，inlet velocity of the fire water monitor is given byq 詈 (1)Where q100 L/s is the jet flow rate required in thisdesign，d104 mm is the inner diameter of the mo-nitor body，and i is the inlet velocity of the fire wa-ter monitor。

According to the total flow Bernoulli equation，the outlet velocity of the fire water monitor can be de-duced asP in O/2Uout2g Pg zg (2) -- 1十- - --十 2十- - 十， /pgWhere h is the loss energy，which is the summationof the straight pipe resistance loss energy and thebend pipe resistance loss energy Ah ，0/1 and 0/2 arethe correction factor respectively，and 0/1 0/2 2 inlaminar flow，while 1 21 in turbulence flow，Pi 1.0 MPa is the inlet water pressure，P。 t0MPa is the outlet water pressure。z10 is the inletvertical height， 2 0.8 m is the outlet verticalheight。

The Reynolds number Re of the circular pipe isrepresented asRe i ·d (3)Where 0.001 m /s is the kinematics viscosity。

Substituting the values of i ，d and V into theEq.3.the value of the Re is 1 224.27.Comparedwith the critical Reynolds number Re 2 300，Re

The straight pipe resistance loss energy△ canbe represented asA L (4)Wh ere L 1 145 mm is the length of the straightparts of the monitor body，A is the frictional coefficient that can be calculated as. 64 AThe bend piperepresented asAh 4k v (5)Where k is the local resistance coemcient of the 90。

bend pipe，the value can be obtained using linear in-terpolation method。

Substituting the Eq(1)，Eq.(4)and Eq.(5)into Eq.(2)，the outlet velocity of the fire water mo-nitor was achieved，that is， t34.36 m/s。

4.Numerical simulations of the fixed firewater monitorFluent software，one of the general CFD soft-wares，is used to simulate complex flow，rangingfrom incompressible fluid to highly compressible flu-id.Various methods for solution and multi grid accel·crating convergence method are adopted to simulatethe flow field.In this study.the internal flows of thechannel and the nozzle of the fire water monitor weresimulated.and the influences of these structure pa-rameters on iet characteristics were obtained。

4.1.Simulation analysis of the flow channel of thefire water monitorThe internal flow channel was modeled accord-ing to the structure and the pipe diameter of the firewater monitor.The modeling software Pro/Engineeris used because of its good modeling capability.Theinfluence of the nozzle and the pipe corner should bepaid attention to in the modeling，and the modelshould be built accurately as far as possible.Thenthe flow channel model was imposed to the pre-pro-cessing module Gambit of Fluent software. Th e un。

structured grid was used to guarantee the gridsmooth.The meshing diagram is shown in Fig.2。

20 Hydromechatronics Engineeringrepresented as鲁 aw ∑(而。 -rlt 。) a1(7)Where rh is the mass transport from air to water，is the mass transport from water to air，the con-stants are specified for each phase in the model defi-nition。

The flow was set to an incompressible state with-out considering the thermal energy and phasechange.The inlet and outlet boundaries were set tovelocity forms.The inlet velocity was 12 m/s，andthe outlet was outflow，the other boundaries were vis-COUS solid wal1.The flow was set to standard k-tlrhulence mode1。

Fig.10 Velocity contour of the spray jetThe velocity contour of the spray jet is shown inFig.10.It can be seen that the maximum velocity isin the minimum area.After the water separates fromthe nozle and jets into the air，the velocity magni-tude in the outlet is generally from 33.4 m/s to 37.6。

m/s.The jet flow transpires in an angle.The highspeed water distributes quickly because of the frictionbetween the water and the air，which lead to a largewater curtain. The curtain changes the airflow. Itseparates the air and insulates the oxygen from fire。

The spray jet direction is along the outlet directionand is not affected by the other parts in the transpireprocess，which can guarantee the stability of thespray jet。

The outlet velocity is the initial velocity in thespray jet.There is no complex flow，such as vortexin the outlet.The outlet velocity afects the spray jetdirectly.So the dynamic monitoring of the outlet ve-locity was carried out using Fluent software. Thechanges of velocity magnitude show directly from thedynamic monitoring.The dynamic monitoring can re。

flect the steady of the velocity and the convergence ofthe iteration.It can judge the eficiency of the simu-lation。

The dynamic monitoring curve o±the outlet average velocity is shown in Fig.1 1.The velocity fluctu-ation in the beginning is clear，because the iterationis not converged in the beginning.There is an errorin the beginning calculation.The finite volume meth-od has great deviation before the iteration converged。

The stability of the converged result is good，and theaverage velocity is 34.5 m/s.Th e magnitude coin-cide the contour velocity that shows in Fig.10.Theresults reflect that the spray jet can form a beter wa-ter curtain and the average velocity accords with thetheoretical result approximately。

50∞ OO48∞ OO46.000O44.000O4 O40.o0OO38.O00036O0o034O00032彻 03 0oO00 2O 40 6O 8O tO0 l20IterationFig.11 Dynamic momtofing cure of the outlet average velocity4.2.2.Simulation analysis of the direct jetThe direct iet would fornl if the spray nozzlestretches out.There was some swirl flow because ofthe influence of the viscous boundary layer shed.Theviscous boundary affects the velocity，so，the turbu-lence model was defined as the standard k-mode1。

The velocity vector of the direct iet is shown in Fig。

1 2.The direct jet velocity is very high near the walarea，but it is very low and near to zero in the front ofthe nozzle poppet.There is some fluctuation in thebottom of the nozzle poppet，and some swirl flow OC-cured at the nozzle boundaries.There is a low pres-sure area in the front of the nozzle poppet because thehigh speed flow is gathered by the spray nozzle.Theswirl area will be filled up quickly。

Fig.12 Velocity contour of the direct jet-.∞-Ⅲ ∞暑 v p。墨 耍《i；li i； ；；～璐瓣 蠢I；i l墨 赧墨豳HU Guoliang，et al：Structure Design and Analysis of Water Jet Performances ofa New Type of Fixed Fire Water MonitorThe outlet velocity curve of the direct iet isshown in Fig. 1 3. There is almost no water in thefront of the nozzle poppet，so the velocity is near tozero.Because the fluid viscosity and boundary layershed，there is some swirl flow near the nozzle poppetboundaries，so the velocity is higher than the nozzlecenter and has some disturbance. But it i8 not themain flow. It will eliminate after a distance of thejet.The high speed flow area is the main jet flow。

The average velocity of the hJigh speed area in theoutlet is about 33 m/s。

40302OlOO-o.08-0.o6-o.04.0.o2 o n02 0.o4 O.06 0.08Yposition/mFig.13 Outlet velocity curve of the directjet5.Fields test and experiment analysisThe schematic of the experimental system forverifying the fixed fire water monitor is shown in Fig。

14.Th e system contains an electromotor， a waterpump，a flow meter，a pressure gauge and fixed firewater monitor.The experiment was conducted on aflat site and the wind speed bellows 3 m/s.The ele。

vation angle was set from 30。to 70。.Fig.15 showsthe pictures of the field tests。

pressure gaugeFig.14 The sketch of the experimental systemFig.15 Jet diagram at fieldFig.16 shows the relationship between the ietheight and the jet range in diferent elevation angles。

The inlet water pressure was set as 1.0MPa in thisexperiment.For four typical elevation angles of 30。，45。，60。and 70。，their jet ranges are 91.71 m，84.64 m，68.1 m and 39 m，respectively.as shownin Tab.1.The iet range for the elevation angle of 30。

and 45。can meet the design requirements basically。

The jet range in the elevation angle of 30。is longerthan the elevation angle of 45。due to the self-gravita。

tion of the jet water.However，the iet height in theelevation angle of 70。is the highest though the jetrange is the shortest.as shown in Tab.2.which isfavorable for the fire fighting of high buildings。

6050曼 40羔· 30互 20l00l0 2O 30 40 50 60 7O 8O 9O lO0Jet range/mFig.16 The relationship between the jet rangeand jet heightTab.1 Jet range in diferent elevation angleTab.2 Jet heights in diferent elevation angleTh e new type of fixed fire water monitor has thecompact structure and streamlined appearance. Th emonitor can rotate 360。in horizontal direction.and itcan rotate from the angle of -40。to the angle of70。in vertical direction.At the same time.the mo-nitor spraying position can be adjusted by operatingthe hand whee1.and it also can be locked automati。

Th e channe1 energy lOSS and outlet velocity of thefixed fire water monitor were calculated based on the.I -0 j -I 日-Il -Q0-22 Hydromechatronics Engineeringengineering hydraulic theory，and the theoretical valueof the outlet velocity is 34.36 m/s. The simulationanalyses of the monitor body and monitor nozz]e wereconducted using nuent software.Th e simulation re-suits of the outlet velocity coincide the theoretical ca1。

eulation in generally. Finaly，the field test resuhsshow that the fixed fire water monitor well meets therequirements of fire fighting。

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基于 ARM微处理器的谷物硬度仪控制器设计曹毅，臧义，石庆升，鲁可河南工业大学 电气工程学院，郑州 450001摘要：高效处理器对于具有若干个驱动器和传感器的机电系统来说越来越重要了。为此，在-种具有多传感器的新型谷物硬度计设计中应用了32位低功耗的ARM微处理器￠绍了测试仪的结构，使用了嵌入式 ARM微处理器完成了压力传感器的数据采集和交流伺服电机的位置控制。软件设计使用了基于Linux的 QT语言，完成了在 LCD上显示数据 曲线以及 实时的复杂数据处理。最后。

给出了实验测量数据的图形结果，验证了本 系统的可行性。

关键词：硬度计；嵌入式Linux；ARM微处理器；Qt/嵌入式图形用户界面中图分类号：(Continued on 22 page)新型固定式消防水炮结构设计及其水射流性能研究胡国良，龙 铭，陈伟刚(华东交通大学 机电工程学院，南昌 330013)摘要：为了改善消防水炮的水射流性能，提高其消防灭火效率，设计了-种新型固定式消防水炮，并对其流道能量损失及炮头水流出口速度进行了水力学理论计算。采用 Fluent流场仿真软件对炮身内部流体流态进行了仿真分析，得到较好的炮身形状及结构；对消防水炮炮头喷嘴射流性能进行了仿真分析，比较了直流射流和喷雾射流这两种射流方式的效果；最后进行了初步的现场射流实验。

仿真结果和实验测试表明：所设计的新型固定式消防水炮能满足实际消防作战使用要求，相关结论可为其它规格和类型的消防水炮设计提供参考依据。

关键词 ：消防水炮；喷嘴；结构设计；水射流性能；流场仿真中图分类号 ：TH137；TP69