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高强螺栓检测中对影响扭矩系数结果的因素及措施探讨

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近年来,钢结构因其具有强度高、塑性和韧性好、材质均匀、制造简便、施工周期短、可再生重复利用等优点,在工程上越来越被广泛应用。但由于不同施工单位技术水平良莠不齐、各类钢铁厂产品质量波动性大等原因,也经常出现这样那样的质量问题。因而钢结构质量问题也越来越被人们所关注。而相对应的 《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》的修订出台,为钢结构的施工及验收提供了更有效的强制条文依据。

-、 仪器设备因素1.1仪器标定 电子轴力仪、负荷测量仪、扭力扳手等计量器具应在试验前进行标定,误差不得超过 2%,标定与否直接关系到检测结果的准确与否。

1.2扭力扳手量程选择 不同规格的螺栓选择的扭力扳手量程要合适,即试验预期最大荷载值介于其全量程范围的 20%~80%内。这是因为扭力扳手量程不同,其精度亦不同。小量程扳手精度高,大量程扳手精度低,因而在检测前选择合适量程的扭力扳手可使结果更准确。

1.3模具 模具是检测高强螺栓过程中不可缺少的物件,螺栓是通过它的固定来实现预拉力的产生过程,因而要求模具的刚度性能高,所 以需要用刚度 高的材料来制作它,否则试验很难进行。

二、人为操作因素2.1仪器调零 试验前扭力扳手需要调零应注意扳手 自重所施加的扭矩:数字式负荷仪需要调零,要使其通电预热 30min使之达到稳定状态后方可进行试验。

2.2扭力扳手运行速度 扭力扳手的运行速度对检测结果有-定的影响,不少检测机构在检测过程中检测人员是依靠手动来实现扭力扳手运行速度的,这样会产生施载不平稳上接第291页scientific experiment and development toimprove technology, China stil1 relied onexperience of craftsmen and farmers (Lin,1995)。

Sixthly,the property right in China at thattime was not established,while Britain alreadyestablished such mechanisms to protect personalwealth and property right.In modem period,invention began to associate with the market,profitability,risk.and cost.The formation ofproperty right and exclusive use made inventiona career.It requires a better 1egal system toprotect property rights,intellectual property,andpatents,so that inventors can gain economicbenefits and recognition from the invention(Yang and Wang。20011。

Seventhly,under-development of currencyand financial system also matters.In the earlyagricultural period, everyone could beself-sustained,and tradable goods were limitedwith 1ittle frequency of exchange,so there wasno need for a widely accepted curency. But现象:速度过慢,终拧扭矩对力反应滞后,数值偏小;速度过快,终拧扭矩在检测结束时依靠惯性,数值偏大,因而要求检测人员以均匀且适中的速度来操作威 者用加载式扭矩扳手检测仪,均可提高检测的准确性。

23预拉力选值 在实际操作过程中,检测人员对预拉力给定范围值选择不同会给试验带来不同的检测结果。笔者对同-批,同-规格螺栓做过这样的两组试验:规格为 M24×85-1O.9s高强螺栓预拉力值范围为 206-250(kN)试验 1:当预拉力选定值相对比较接近时如下表:表 1l : , - s、 - . ” ” . ”i ∞” 。Ij u1; 。-j 、≮ ijl l 1·Ⅵ试验 2:当预拉力选定值波动比较大时如下表:表 2: 4 m~ : 4 5ln - - ” 、kN: s : 、 : : : - : : -1 24 。136 lc ..1jj,‰ r,-! f !cwhen busihess and trade began to develoD。

As Merchant Weekly(2005)indicates,in historyChina used to issue many big money” andpaper money.Chinas big money and paper wereusuallyma de ofcopper andtheface valueisfargreater than the actua1 value(Merehant WeeklN2005).Ⅵ,hen there were both good money andbad money,bad one would drive good one outofmarket,and this affected the flow ofwidelyaccepted curency and financial industry inChina.which in turn a伍0ct the business andblock the happeninofthe industrial revolution。

Moreover,prevailing views in China andEurope are quite different.Protestant ethic andspirit encouraged people to cam more moneyand to work hard in secular world。whileConfucianism focused on moral standards andIn addition,China lacked energy resourcesand raw materials to develop heavy industry。

Coal mines are in North China, but maineconomic region is Jiangnan, south of the标准中给 出的螺栓扭矩系数平均值 为0.1 1O~0.150,标准差为0.O1O。显然上述两试验结果均符合规定要求,但两者标准差存在的相对误差较大,以试验 l为基准,其值为25%。出现上述情况的主要原因我们可以通过表格中的数据分析得出。表 1中预拉力值相差不大,那么扭矩系数结果的大小直接受施拧扭矩影响。表 2中预拉力值波动较大,那么它与施拧扭矩的值共同影响扭矩系数的结果,误差来源增多,故误差值增大。

笔者还对其他规格的高强螺栓进行了同样的试验,结果发现预拉力值接近所得出的标准差值总是小于预拉力值波动大所得出的标准差值。这对于那种质量稍差点的螺栓就可能存在两种 自相矛盾的结果.因而-般情况下选择接近的预拉力值能减小最终的试验误差,提高试验的准确性。

(2)根据不同的螺栓准确选择扭力扳手量程,确保所测值在量程范围的 20%80%内(3)精选优质材料制作刚度性能高的试验模具。

本文主要讨论了在实际检测高强螺栓扭矩系数过程中.影响扭矩系数检测结果的因素及对策,因水平有限,不足之处望业内专家指正。

Yanze Rivet.It was difficult and expensive totransit.Jiangnan also 1acked fue1.metals andwood.which play important roles in developingheavy industry.Take the charcoa1 as an exampleCharcoal was the principal foe1 used by Britishindustries initially,but it was gradually replacedby coa1.Domestic consumption of coal rose丘om 200.000 tons in 1550 to 2.8 million tons in1680.to 3 million tons in 1696; charcoa1equivalent to 500.000 tons of coal was alsoconsumed annually near the en d of the 17thcentury.In con仃ast.charcoal consumed by theJiangnan metal tools industries was equivalentto a mere 25.000 tons of coal in late Ming and45.000 tons in mid-Qing. Charcoa1 consumedby the salt industry in late Ming and mid-Qingwere equivalent to a mere 86,000 tons and94,000 tons of coa1.In addition.1ack of enegYresources and fuel also block the developmentof ma chines in China. For example. theprinciples of the screw and the flywheel wereintroduced into China(from Europe)during the下转第 247页商品与质量 2013年第2期 243

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