Reverse metallurgical engineering towards sustainable manufacturing of vehicles using Nb and Mo alloyed high performance steels

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Adv.Manuf.(20131 1：28-4lD0I 10.1007/s40436-0l3-0002-9Reverse metallurgical engineering towards sustainableanufacturing of vehicles using Nb and M o alloyed highm 1 Sl 1performance steelsHardy M ohrbacherReceived：16 May 2012/Accepted：21 August 2012/Published online：13 M arch 2013◎ Shanghai University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 201 3Abstract Steel is the dominant construction material formost industrial goods such as equipments，structures，buildings or vehicles.A1though there have been greatadvances in steel technology over the last 4 decades，theindustry currently faces seriOUS sustainability challengeswith regard to energy conservation，reduction of CO7emission and a generally more efficient use of resources。

The principal connotation in this respect is increasing steelstrength allowing to reduce component weight.However，itis also necessary considering in how far the modified steelproperties interfere with typical manufacturing techniquesestablished in the processing chain.A feasible method inthis sense is a reverse approach starting from detailedknowledge of the manufacturing process and translating itback into the most suitable metalurgica1 and microstruc-tural design of stee1.M odifying steels towards bettermanufacturing peflbrmance typically involves innovativealloying and metallurgical processing concepts.Niobiumand molybdenum are two of the most powerful alloyingelements in helping to adapt microstructures and propertieswith regard to downstream maflufacturing processes.Thispaper will highlight severa1 examples how a reverse met-alurgical engineering approach can be successfully appliedto optimize the em ciency of subsequent manufacturingprocesses with a focus on the automotive industry。

Keywords Automotive fiat steel·Engineering steelStamping·Bending·Profiling·Press hardening·W elding·Cutting·Case carburizingH.Mohrbacher f圆 1NiobelCon bvba，2970 Schilde，Belgiume-mail：hm ###niobelcon.net垒Springer1 IntroductionIncreasing attention is being paid to the economic advan-tages that high-strength 1ow-alloy steels have to offer。

These advantages include 1ower structura1 weight(seeFig.1 1，increased resistance to britle failure.better econ-omies during construction and transD0rtatiOn as a result oflower cost in handling lighter sections，fewer man-hours ofwelding and lower electrode consumption as a result ofreduced gages(see Fig.2).These perceived advantages areof primary interest to the transDOrtatiOn and materialshandling industry where the ratio of payload to dead weightload is of paramount importance.Fringe benefits resultingfrom this are greater speeds.1ess fuel consumption per loadand smaller sized propulsion units.In addition to merestrength.the selection of structural steel is concerned withease of forming，welding and other fabrication procedures。

Service conditions require that steel exhibit good toughnessat the temperature of service.Thus the candidate stee1should possess adequate impact resistance at the lowesttemperatures anticipated in service。

No other industria1 sector has pursued weight reductionas consequently as the automotive industry.This is moti。

vated by the reduction of rue1 consumption and emissionsas wel1 as by the improvement of crash safety.Both con。

tradictory requirements continue to be major technicaltargets for future vehicles.The tota1 vehicle weight has animportant impact on fuel emciency as indicated in Fi g.3。

Indisputably，the fuel consumption and the C0，emissiondecrease with the vehicle weight.Detailed studies revealedthat a weight reduction of 1 00 k2 results in rue1 savings of0.15 L to 0.5 L per 1)(km drivenl.The correspondingreduction of CO，emissions for passenger cars ranges from4 g&m to 12 g/km.The intensive use of stronger steels iseffectively offering a significant weight reduction potentia1。

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